Grammar
1. Penggunaan (
A-AN)
A digunakan untuk noun tapi yang berawal
dngan huruf consonan dan AN juga untuk noun tapi yang berawalan vocal dan is
harus menyertainya karena singular…
Rumusnya adalah S + IS + A/AN + NOUN SINGULAR
Example; this is a banana (consonan)
This
is an egg (vocal)
2. Penggunaan (ARE)
ARE digunakan untuk semua benda tapi
jamak atau plural
Rumusnya adalah S + AND +NOUN + ARE +
NOUN
Example : Rahman and rahim are
students
Canada and china are countries
Akbar and jhon are heroes
Catatan : aturan penambahan ies, es, s, dalam menjamakkan adalah
apabila kata tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf consonan maka cukup menambah
huruf s saja. tapi apabila kata
tersebut berakhiran dengan huruf O maka
ditambah es . namun jika kata
tersebut berakhiran dengan y maka
huruf y diganti menjadi I kemudian ditambah es menjadi ies.
3. Aturan
penggunaan keluarga dari TO BE
To be adalah auxiliary verb atau kata
kerja bantu yang biasa digunakan utuk melengkapi sebuah kalimat.
Rumusnya
S + TO BE + K.
SIFAT/K.BENDA/KT.TMPAT/V_ING/V-3
Namun ada ketentuan yang sudah ditetapkan
dalam penggunaan keluarga dari TO BE.
Example : I AM student
YOU 
THEY
ARE students
WE
SHE
HE IS a student
IT
4. Masih dalam
keluarga TO BE
Apabila kita ingin menjadikannya
pertanyaan maka keluarga dari TO BE dipindahkan kedepan
Rumusnya : TO BE +S+ K.
SIFAT/K.BENDA/KT.TMPAT/V_ING/V-3
Example : AM I STUDENT?
YOU
ARE WE STUDENT?
THEY
SHE
IS HE STUDENT?
IT
S
NP Aux VP
V
NP S
N tense Det N NP Aux VP
Adj
Lex[N] Lex[V] Lex[Det] Lex[N] NP Conj NP Tense
Mary pres hate the hat Det
N Det N Lex[Adj]
Lex[Det] Lex[N] Lex[det]
Lex[N]
Constraints
in syntax
Once transformational generative grammarians become well
acquainted with transformations by analyzing English and other language, they
quickly noticed that such rules are very powerful. Transformations can generate
a large number of sentences that speakers of a language do not accept as proper
sentences. To illustrate, consider the structure shown the figure 10-5. With
the exception of the conjoined noun phrases in the embedded sentence (which are
generated by a rule similar to SS + (conj+ S). all other rules generating this structure have
previously been presented. After the insertion of lexical items, the
deep-structure string in figure 10-6 may result.
S + (conj+ S). all other rules generating this structure have
previously been presented. After the insertion of lexical items, the
deep-structure string in figure 10-6 may result. SNP Aux VP V
NP SN tense Det N NP Aux VP Adj Lex[N] Lex[V] Lex[Det] Lex[N] NP Conj NP Tense Mary pres hate the hat Det
N Det N Lex[Adj] Lex[Det] Lex[N] Lex[det]
Lex[N]
The hat
and the coat pres
be dirty
Notice that we have followed the rules
perfectly in generating this deep structure. In figure 10-5. A sentence
containing conjoined noun phrase is embedded in other sentence. and the hat in
the main sentence understood to be identical to the hat in the embedded
sentence. Thus, we should be able to apply the relative transformation.
However, if we apply this rule, moving the embedded occurrence of the hat and replacing it by which, we
derive the unacceptable sentence
Mary hates the hat
which and the coat are dirty. In order to prevent such sentence from being generated.it is
necessary to impose certain constraint on the power of transformation.
One such constraint
is called the constraint on conjoined phrase: no phrase contained within a
conjoined or coordinate, structure may be moved out of that structure by a transformation
(for the purpose of relativization. Question formation and so on). In the
previous example this constrain would forbid the movement of the embedded
occurrence of the hat out of the structure
containing the conjoined NSp and into the main sentence (mary heats the
hat) for the purpose of relativization. Many such constraints apply only to
specific languages, but it is hoped that some constraint will hold for all
language and thus reveal basic facts about the workings of language.
Not all
constraints that have been proposed are of the same nature as the constraints
on conjoined phrase; some are decidedly more functional in nature, that is they
have more to do with actual utterances. For example, it is impossible for a speaker
to empathize. Or side with more and one individual in a sentence. Thus, in the
unaccaptable sentence. Then, mary’s
husband hit his wife [in which his refers to husband]. The speaker first
empathizes with mary by using the phrase mary’s husband [rather than the name
of maey’s husband]. But the focus of empathy is contradicted by the later
occurrence may contain more than one focus of empathy. Unlike the constraint on
conjoined phrases, this constraint does not disallow the application of a
transformation under certain condition. It simply rejects any English sentence
that is not internally consistent in the way empathy is indicated.
The study of constraints in syntax was initiated by Chomsky.
Ross, and others in the mid- 1960s. originally, they concentrated on formal
restriction on transformation, such as the constrain on conjoined phrases. In
the 1970s, however. Many linguists extended the nation of a constrain to
included such functional restrictions as the empathy constraint. In fact, the
study of constraints – with the purpose of reducing the power of
transformational-generative grammar to apoid the generation of unacceptable
sentences – has been the major issue in syntax during the past fifteen years.
Summary
Transformational rules aplly to deep structures to add. Deleted
or change element. According to the original standard interpretive theory transformational-generative grammar
and generative semantics. After all relevant transformation have applied a
surface structure is produced.
During the fast fifteen years. The study of constraints has been
a major issue in syntax. This study of constraints grew because
transformational-generative grammar, as originally conceived generated many
unacceptable sentence. In order to prevent such sentences from being generated
it is necessary to impose certain constraints on the power of transformation.
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